Downloaded from YTS.MX
(pencil grinding on paper)
(clicking)
Official YIFY movies site: YTS.MX
(people chatting)
(relaxing piano music)
- There you go.
- [Stewart] Oh, yeah.
- Mammoth.
- Oh. - Wow.
- [Stewart] It's a tusk in here.
Beautifully preserved specimen.
- [George] You think those are part of it?
(indistinct)
- [George] That's useful for us.
(freezer door clicking)
(freezer hissing)
(lady speaking in foreign language)
- All right. - The main event.
Great.
- [Lady] Mammoth's trunk.
- Wow. - Oh yeah,
you can see that. - Yeah, you can see it.
- [George] So we would like to help you get DNA sequence.
(lady speaking in foreign language)
- DNA, okay.
- [Lady] We finally got some hair.
- This is not an ancient artifact.
Using DNA, we can bring back extinct species.
So this is the once in the future mammoth
that we're looking at.
It has been gone for a while and with any luck,
they are on the way back.
(dramatic rumbling)
(relaxing upbeat piano music)
- [Mike] Stewart is a lot
like the great American P. T. Barnum.
- [Man] Stewart is the intellectual Johnny Appleseed
of the counterculture.
- Stewart might be the Zelig or maybe the DaVinci
of cyber culture.
- [George] It's actually a little bit eerie
how often Stewart has been at the right place
at the right time.
- He's like an invincible string.
- [George] And by the time all the rest of us get there,
he's gone on to something else more interesting.
- [Man] Stewart has this remarkable
"Forrest Gump" superpower--
- I believe he said he had to go pee.
- [Man] To sense where the frontiers are
and then be there.
- [Man] He's like Kilroy.
(atomic bomb exploding)
He shows up in the background
of every important thing going on.
- [Carolyn] He could see into the future
that this technology was going to be a huge part
of American culture.
- Welcome Stewart Brand.
- [Man] It isn't so much that he's ahead of it,
he's actually creating the future.
- Steve Jobs, not surprisingly,
was fascinated by Stewart.
- When I was young the "Whole Earth Catalog"
was one of the Bibles of my generation.
It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand.
It was sort of like Google in paperback form 35 years
before Google came along.
- [Brian] So many of the ideas that you may find vital
either originate with Stewart Brand
or were really articulated by him.
- [Man] Ideas that scene at the edge of believability
from the environmental movement,
to the technological movement, to genetics.
- [Hunter] Stu loves being the techno file with the answer.
But technologies tend to break people apart.
(waves swishing)
- [Man] Stewart is an evangelical optimist
which may be quite dangerous.
- [Man] He's famous for saying,
"We are as Gods,
"so we might as well get good at it"
(typewriter clicking)
(relaxing upbeat instrumental music)
(footsteps crunching on sand)
(crickets chirping)
(rain trickling on roof)
(door clicking)
- My own progress through life
has been to try stuff early on
when there aren't rules against it yet
so you get to be part of the new thing in the world.
I didn't sit down in life to have a trajectory.
It is a pretty interesting way to have a life
'cause you get to be surprised a lot.
I was born, I'm told,
(Stewart chuckling)
I don't remember it,
in Rockford, Illinois.
(baby Stewart crying)
(lady laughing)
(birds chirping)
(upbeat organ music)
We were a Midwestern family.
My father was a civil engineer out of MIT
and I got from him respect for that kind
of problem solving that engineers love to do.
And I took after my mother in the sense
that she was mad for books.
I know my mother was instilling values
of caring about wildlife.
(birds chirping)
This is kind of where I grew up and I'm back
in this cottage 63 years, basically,
after I left at the age of 16.
This is where all the fun stuff was.
(baby Stewart giggling)
I got to be a free-range kid.
- I remember Stewart as a kid who is really interested
in animals and would get into mischief
that way fairly often.
(duck quacking)
- I was very much in cahoots with wildlife
like the chipmunks and squirrels.
I had an opossum named Frank
I had a wonderful raccoon named Oscar.
There was a feral cat and he became my friend.
And when we left out the road,
the cat chased the car all the way out to the highway.
(Stewart imitating a gulp)
- [Mike] Stewart was already smart
and he went off to Stanford.
- I've been a conservationist all my life.
And I was trained as a biologist back in the '50s.
At Stanford, I went
in the direction of ecology and evolution.
- We have an extremely serious world demographic situation.
Famine and plague and thermonuclear war,
and who knows which one or what combination will come?
- I'm Paul Ehrlich,
president of the Center for Conservation Biology
at Stanford University and notorious doomsayer.
Doom.
- [Stewart] Paul Ehrlich was my advisor
for the field work that I was doing.
- Stewart was one of the brightest students I ever had
in the biology department working,
as I recall, on tarantulas.
(dramatic upbeat ominous music)
(typewriter clicking)
- [Stewart] So I would go out on a full moon night
and put up a cot and just watch
what tarantulas do all night.
(dramatic gravel rustling)
(mouse squeaking)
What I've learned is that in any ecosystem,
species are evolving in relation to other species
who are evolving right back at them.
(birds chirping)
And if you apply it to the extinction,
(dove cooing)
there's a new kind of problem for humanity.
(lion roaring)
- Let's put it this way,
if you have a very complex,
evolving planet on which your life absolutely depends,
taking pieces out of it at random is,
by definition, a bad idea.
- We have the power to destroy life on this planet,
which we unfortunately are going about at warp speed.
And we are now looking at the extinction of species
at a rate faster than when the dinosaurs went extinct.
(hen clucking)
(birds chirping)
- The American chestnut is one of the prime examples
of a species that is so consequential
in terms of the whole ecosystem that if
that species is gone the whole ecosystem has changed.
One quarter of all the trees in the Eastern forest
of the United States used to be American chestnut trees.
Around 1905, this fungus came in,
apparently from Asia,
killed the trees and they were all gone
within about 20 years.
(dramatic ominous music)
It was huge.
It's called the Redwood of the East.
It was an enormously loved species in North America.
They put down these incredibly sweet nuts
in vast quantities every year.
And it fed a lot of humans and a whole lot
of animals depended on that food source.
And when that food source went away,
the animals went away.
(leaver rumbling)
(doors clicking)
Hi sweeties, there they are.
(drawer rumbling)
(Stewart groaning)
God.
The passenger pigeon was once one of the wonders
of North America.
(pigeons cooing)
Visitors from Europe were wowed by Niagara Falls,
but they were even more wowed by these incredibly large
and beautiful flocks of passenger pigeons streaming overhead
for days at 60 miles an hour.
(gunshot exploding)
They were a forest bird and they ran out of forest
as well as being hunted to death.
(gunshot exploding)
My mother grew up in the living memory
of what it was like to have the most abundant animal
in America disappear in a period of about three decades.
And she said when the last one died in 1914,
it broke America's heart.
(clock chiming)
(clock ticking)
But that's a tragedy that can be unwritten.
You can actually go back to the end of the play and say,
that's not the end of the play,
because we didn't kill their DNA.
Using a closely-related living species,
we can edit the missing genes into the living species
and basically recreate the extinct species.
And we're moving in the direction of bringing
back passenger pigeons and wooly mammoths.
(birds chirping)
I started to get a sense of where it was going
from George Church at Harvard,
one of the leading geniuses in biotech.
- [Reporter] George Church, a world leading geneticist
whose DNA harbors genes for genius.
- [Stewart] He's totally adored by the media.
- George Church, everyone.
(audience applauding)
Bring back the wooly mammoth.
Can we get one? - Yeah.
(audience laughing)
- Tonight's topic is de-extinction.
Oh my Gosh, de-extinction.
George, what's the next creature that's gonna crawl
out of your lab?
- So one that's already crawling out are--
- I was just joking.
(people laughing)
Okay, so you have a real answer to that question?
When you're creating new species,
have you really thought it through?
Because if you haven't then you're dangerous.
- I'm definitely dangerous. - Okay, got that.
Okay, that answers that.
(people laughing)
(upbeat music)
- This is the room where we did all the pig cloning
where we were eliminating viruses from their genome.
- Why its own room? - Why?
- Why has its own room?
It's extra clean? - Well, it's very clean.
I tend not to go in these rooms because most
of the human cell we use are from my body.
And many of them are transformed with potential carcinogens.
(Stewart chuckling)
- What? Wait.
You're not worried about your cells getting into there,
you're worried about those cells
getting into you? - Getting into me, yeah right.
- And doing what? - I'm not worried about it
but the lab is, yeah.
Good questions, you're hired.
(Stewart chuckling)
(relaxing ominous music)
- [Stewart] The plausibility of de-extinction,
George Church's lab is really where it all began.
And George started with wooly mammoth.
- The mammoth was a keystone species in the Arctic.
20,000 years ago our ancestors
started systematically slaughtering mammoths.
They were altogether too easy to get
with our new technical abilities.
And the new tools we had
for killing off the herbivores included knives
and spears and fire.
(mammoth trumpeting)
They had strategies for surrounding them
and running them off of cliffs.
(eagle screeching)
(hunters shouting)
Those mistakes, the people who made them did them innocently
and aren't around to take responsibility for them.
We need to take responsibility.
(plastic rustling)
And now we're in a position
where we could reverse those mistakes
with better tools than our ancestors had.
- So this is mammoth tissue.
- Right.
- Can you see
the small tissue? - Yeah.
- Since Asian elephants and wooly mammoths are so similar
to each other, 99.6% similar,
we are hoping to test them first in elephant tissue
and then see whether they work.
(birds chirping)
- What we're doing at Harvard is editing the genes
that bridge the small gap between mammoths
and modern Asian elephants
so that they can be cold resistant.
(mammoth trumpeting)
(audience applauding)
- I am Stewart Brand.
This is the first public discussion of the possibility
of bringing back extinct species.
What's different and what's the same
about the kind of hybridization--
- Stewart brought us together in the de-extinction movement
and in the same sense that you say,
this is the Manhattan Project,
this is the Apollo Project,
this is the Human Genome Project.
That's the sort of thing
that Stewart has brought to de-extinction.
- The century of work that'll go in
to making this a reality.
These engineered mammoth-elephant hybrids will initially go
to Pleistocene Park in Northern Siberia.
(relaxing upbeat instrumental music)
We collaborate with these Russian conservationists,
Sergey Zimov and his son, Nikita Zimov.
(ice jet skis humming)
They're returning a variety of herbivores needed
for this particular ecosystem.
(bison bleating)
The only one they're missing
is this mammoth-elephant hybrid.
That's our job to provide one of those.
- It turns out that by bringing back the wooly mammoth,
we can help fix climate change.
The exaggerated version is that we need
to bring back wooly mammoths
because they will save the world.
(audience applauding)
(relaxing upbeat instrumental music)
- I think steward likes the idea,
as do I,
of being able to recreate extinct animals from DNA.
But one of the things that I've learned
in my much longer life than Stewart has had
is that when you pull a technological rabbit out of a hat,
it very often has very nasty droppings.
- I would love to see a mammoth.
Wouldn't that be cool.
That, we can do it,
is so much fun and so fascinating for people
who love technology.
At the same time we ought to be asking,
should we do this?
Is this a good idea?
(dramatic ominous music)
(birds chirping)
(gate latch clicking)
(boots banging on wooden steps)
- So what you've got here
is kind of a place where my stuff lives
and also my entire past,
come to think of it.
And then we go into
♪ The archive. ♪
Films and slides from my older multimedia shows back
in the '60s.
Photographs, I was a professional photographer
for years in the
'60s and into the '70s.
(camera shutter clicking)
(relaxing chiming music)
(camera shutter clicking)
I graduated early '60s.
An old family friend commissioned me to photograph a tribe
of Indians in Oregon.
(camera shutter clicking)
I had no idea about what Contemporary Indians did
and how they lived.
(horses neighing)
(relaxing chiming music)
(camera shutter clicking)
So the photographs I took,
(camera shutter clicking)
for me, there were revelatory.
(camera shutter clicking)
- The first time I met Stewart Brand was
at the National Congress of American Indians
in Sheridan, Wyoming.
(screeching microphone feedback)
I was working on the registration desk
and he came through the door
(camera shutter clicking) with his camera.
He was very blonde,
didn't fit in.
(Lois chuckling)
He was very much out of place.
(camera shutter clicking)
(relaxing guitar music)
- [Stewart] We went from friends
to absolutely in love
and she became Lois Jennings Brand.
- [Lois] Stewart didn't want
to be encumbered by anything like a lease in an apartment.
So we purchased a trailer,
put all of our belongings,
which in his case involved photographic equipment
and a ton of books.
(birds chirping)
- [Stewart] We moved to San Francisco
and I started to immerse myself
in the Bohemian life of the slightly post Beatnik period
that was happening by the early '60s.
That was when I met Ken Kesey.
His book, "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest",
had a Indian protagonist.
(upbeat percussion music)
(man shouting) (glass shattering)
They sent the photographs to Kesey and word got back,
we'll, come on down.
- [Lois] The first time that Stewart met Kesey,
we drove down to a little tree house.
- Somebody by the door said, welcome,
you must be Stewart.
And that was not usually how you met strangers
in those days.
Usually marijuana was smoked in the bathroom right next
to the toilet so you can flush it down.
So right away I saw the Prankster and boldness.
- The Merry Pranksters were a very interesting collection
of young, footloose folk.
And Ken Kesey was kind of the boss of the outfit.
(dramatic upbeat percussion music)
When Stewart started coming to Prankster events,
pretty soon, he's sporting a top hat.
- Aware of your their own bodies,
their own senses, their breathing,
where they're at and who they're with.
- He's beginning to manifest signs of straying
from the norm in a really good way.
(Carolyn chuckling)
(relaxing upbeat music)
- [Stewart] Civilization was in question.
(protestors chanting)
The civil rights and Vietnam War resistance.
We felt like an all out generation.
(static hissing)
(people chatting)
LSD was a right of passage.
We took apart the trappings of orderly mind
and good education.
(relaxing ominous music)
(sparklers fizzing)
(vehicle horns honking)
And LSD gave us permission to try things in unapproved ways.
(Stewart chuckling)
And that also probably added to our creativity in the sense
that we weren't trying to make it in the lawful world.
We were making it in the world that we felt was partly
of our own creation.
(electric buzzing)
The best thing I learned from their Pranksters,
and this came straight from Kesey, was fearlessness.
(people cheering)
And one of the mottos of the Pranksters was, go further.
(people clapping)
(vehicle horn honking)
(bus rumbling)
- Original Prankster credo,
you start off by saying,
never trust a Prankster,
because I will eventually lie
to you even though I may not want to.
If I say one thing today, (horn blowing)
it may not work tomorrow.
- [Interviewer] Go ahead, Would you repeat that again?
(Kesey imitating horn blowing)
(men laughing)
(camera shutter clicking)
- [Stewart] Kesey was a charismatic leader
and it puts you in the position of paying close attention
to this person.
And then what happens is
that the charismatic character is writing the story
that everybody is participating in.
And you're left having not written your own story
for a while.
(camera shutter clicking)
I happened to me to a little extent.
And I wanted to check in on who am I?
Who do I wanna be?
What do I wanna be doing?
So for my final role in the Merry Pranksters,
I wanted to plan one last big event.
(electric buzzing)
(upbeat drum music)
- [Carolyn] One of the things
that we did was events called The Acid Test.
(people whistling)
We had music and projections.
All of this is audience participation
which was not really done in those days.
It was a costume party like you've never seen before.
because of the additional energy from the LSD.
- [Stewart] I started to organize this thing
and that was the most important of all acid tests,
and we called it the Trips Festival.
- When Stewart was doing all the work
for the Trips Festival he made up a poster.
He put the names of bands on there
that he would like to attend.
And, in fact,
they showed up because they saw the posters and said,
oh, we're supposed to be there.
- [Announcer] Good evening from Captain Consciousness.
For your listening pleasure,
the Grateful Dead.
- [Stewart] Indeed, they did show up and thousands
and thousands of hippies showed up and Tom Wolfe was right
because this is the night (indistinct) was born.
There was a big bucket of ice cream going around
that was laced with LSD.
And it was gonna taste delicious when you ate it
and then it was gonna
become very strange 1/2 an hour later.
What really took off was Grateful Dead
who had just named themselves that and they got on stage
and they were sensational.
- [Carolyn] Stewart invited every weirdo in the Bay Area
that had gadgets to come and set up their stuff.
- [Stewart] We were projecting various things on the walls
and Ken Kesey is writing messages.
- I spent much of the Trips Festival
under a table with a stripper that I was going out with,
high on acid.
It would be hard for me to tell you much more than that.
It was maybe my first experience of being high
with lots and lots of people.
- People are not dancing with each other,
they're dancing with everybody and looking around
and clotsing into things and doing stuff to the beat
that everybody is on.
Typically, at a party wherever there was a strobe,
people would just get under it and then.
(Stewart clicking tongue)
That was another thing that got people moving
'cause they loved watching pieces
of themselves flying around.
- [Peter] The Trips Festival was a watershed moment
that introduced a lot of different communities
and families to one another.
We could recognize each other and knew
that we were on the same page.
- Thousands of hippies in the Bay Area discovered
that there were thousands of hippies in the Bay Area.
And that let's you know there's a movement.
(upbeat drum music)
Trips Festival was a very true for me in the sense
of I just made a riot happen.
But on the other hand, nothing's changed.
Yeah, that was a great event,
meanwhile, now what?
(clock ticking)
So two months later,
it's a tedious afternoon and maybe I'll just take,
I don't know,
100 micrograms or something and go up on the roof
and see what LSD does for the afternoon.
(Stewart chuckling)
And as I'm looking out at San Francisco,
I imagine that the buildings that are parallel Downtown
are not quite parallel,
they're actually slightly diverge because they're
on the curved surface of the Earth.
(dramatic ominous music)
(man speaking in foreign language)
At this point we're 10 years into Sputnik
and there's been no photographs of the Earth as a whole.
LSD is not actually consciousness expanding,
it's consciousness concentrating.
And so you get thinking about one thing
and that's all you can think about for hours.
So all I could think about on that rooftop was
how different everything would be
if you could see a photograph of the Earth in space?
(pen grinding on paper)
So what I had conjured in my mind was a button
that would say,
why haven't we seen a photograph of the whole Earth yet?
I sent the button to all of the congressmen,
(typewriter clicking)
to NASA and officials in the Soviet Union
and then started selling them on college campuses.
People would come up and say,
what's this about?
(relaxing twinkling music)
Ever since 1945,
the image of the mushroom cloud made people feel
that civilization was basically doomed.
(atomic bomb rumbling)
(camera shutter clicking)
Being a photographer,
I was thinking about the images that hadn't been made yet
that might change humanity's behavior.
- [Shuttle Launcher] T-minus 10, nine,
eight, seven,
six,
five.
(rocket rumbling)
Liftoff.
- I feel the liftoff,
the clock has started.
I was the Apollo 9 lunar module pilot.
Seeing the earth with your own eyes,
you realize how small and fragile it is
and that all of life is on that planet.
It changes your perspective
and that's basically what Stewart recognized.
- [Stewart] Finally, NASA publicly released
the first ever image of the whole Earth.
(dramatic rumbling)
The whole damn thing was alive,
you could see that.
And it was a hopeful image
and it blew away the mushroom cloud.
- That one image created this extraordinary frame
of reference for our relationships with other cultures
and the planet itself.
- [Stewart] Humanity wasn't just capable
of destroying itself,
humanity was capable of discovering itself
in this very visual way.
- Let's give Stewart credit.
When we could look at the real earth in her photograph
that Stewart kept yelling for,
people were beginning to get this idea that we all live
on a very small planet and that we're not just passengers,
we're the crew and we're responsible for what goes on.
- [Stewart] Indeed, once we did have the photographs,
suddenly there's organizations called Friends of the Earth
and Earth First.
(protestors chanting)
A bunch of environmental organizations took off globally
that were assuming care of this thing
that was now understood to be in need of care.
- The United Nations has assumed responsibility
for the preservation of species in danger of extinction
and whereas the United Nations Conference--
- I think Stu played a very important role
in creating the environmental movement
and in making it accessible,
showing people that there are different ways to live.
(relaxing upbeat rock music)
- [Stewart] All my friends were involved
in various commune efforts,
basically trying to reinvent civilization.
Most of these communes were being started
by liberal arts majors who had dropped out of college
and their knowledge was not helping them at all.
(water splashing)
By then I had a sense I wanted
to effect change in the world.
Human nature doesn't change.
You're wasting your time if you try to change
how people behave,
but if you can change their tools,
you can change whatever you want.
And I thought, well,
I could maybe have kind of a catalog.
The great thing about being a double (indistinct) artist
is that I didn't have a job.
So if you have an idea and it still seems
like a good idea the next day,
you just start.
And so I'd started the "Whole Earth Catalog" in 1968
and the subtitle was "Access to Tools".
(relaxing upbeat guitar music)
- In all the "Whole Earth Catalogs,
Stewart injected the phrase,
"We are as Gods and might as well get good at it."
- [Stewart] It was an acknowledgement
that there's an empowerment
that has occurred of the individual.
(relaxing upbeat guitar music)
Lois was the COO
and brought a business acumen.
- The first issue I think we only printed a thousand copies.
A number were given away.
It was just a massive disaster.
(Lois chuckling)
He's going, no.
- The first first "Whole Earth Catalog",
we distributed them by carrying them around physically
to bookstores and saying, here.
(Stewart chuckling)
And they would say,
what is it, what section do I put it in?
And we would not know how to answer that.
- You have to understand how impoverished the world was
in terms of information.
If you'd had a question it was very unlikely
that you would ever get an answer to it,
so most people never asked the question.
(relaxing upbeat music)
- These days I'll pop open my handy phone,
go on the internet,
Google it and the world's information is at my fingertips.
When the "Whole Earth Catalog" came out,
this wasn't true.
Where would you go?
- [Man] You could think of it as the web on newsprint,
so it became a catalog of possibilities.
And the startup culture was born directly out
of the "Whole Earth Catalog".
- [Man] Stewart and his team put out several issues
of the "Whole Earth Catalog" and he brought it to life
with his poetic touch.
This was in the late '60s before personal computers
and desktop publishing,
so it was all made with typewriters,
scissors and Polaroid cameras.
It was idealistic,
overflowing with neat tools and great notions.
(hen crowing)
- [Kevin] Millions of people who were reading it
were taught to invent their life.
- Everybody could plug in and chip in
on this conversation about what's the role
of tools and technology in this new imagining of the world?
- For somebody like me,
living in the English countryside at the time,
I thought, oh my God,
there's a lot of others out there too.
And it consolidated in so many people's minds the idea
that there was a new movement,
there was a new consciousness of some kind.
The "Whole Earth Catalog" was a revolution.
(people laughing)
- I had set the "Whole Earth Catalog"
on a path of it had to be bigger, better,
more ambitious, wider reach,
more people involved.
Pretty soon we had a very steep curve
of people subscribing this publication and money coming in,
and it was being a fabulous success in the world.
(upbeat music)
(audience applauding)
- The "Whole Earth Catalog",
it's just full of the kinds of things
that make you wish you had infinite amount of spare time.
Oh, this is an amazing thing.
- [Stewart] It won the National Book Award.
I was getting interviewed.
Why haven't we seen the photograph of the whole Earth yet?
(audience laughing)
So at a fairly young age I was nationally famous.
Plus, we have a flag which is a pretty thing,
the only flag you can say that doesn't exclude anybody out,
everybody's in it.
- That's the Earth from the NASA?
(audience applauding)
- [Man] On the back cover was their farewell message.
"Stay hungry, stay foolish."
(airplane rumbling)
(relaxing music)
- We're going to Pleistocene Park.
In a way what we're doing is bringing two visions together.
One is what George Church is doing at the Harvard lab,
bringing wooly mammoths back to a world,
and the matching vision is to restore the mammoth steppe.
(upbeat percussion music)
(horse neighing)
(relaxing upbeat percussion music)
(horse clip-clopping)
(relaxing ominous music)
(barge humming)
(water trickling)
(man speaking in foreign language)
(boat engine humming)
(water trickling)
(relaxing ominous music)
(crow cawing)
(dry branches clanging)
(mud squishing)
- [Stewart] Come on.
- [Sergey] This is mammoth.
- You figure that's mammoth? - Yeah.
I feel it's the smell of mammoth.
- The smell of mammoth, come on.
- It's finger, hand or finger of mammoth.
- [Stewart] Mammoth bones are just dense in the ground
all across this land.
(flies buzzing)
(crickets chirping)
Sergey Zimov refers to it as once the world's largest biome.
It wrapped all the way across the North of Eurasia
and the north of North America, Canada.
(water splashing)
(boat engine humming)
While we were here,
the story was getting out of the discovery by the Zimovs
of something troubling going on in the permafrost
that they're studying.
(branches cracking)
(birds chirping)
(door creaking)
(door banging)
(door creaking)
(boots banging on wooden steps)
(ice crystals cracking)
(magical crystal twinkling music)
(ice crystals cracking)
(boots crunching on ice)
- This last winter,
a layer of the permafrost
that normally freezes did not freeze,
it stayed thawed.
(dramatic ominous echoing)
(water trickling)
(frozen ice cracking)
(methane bubbling underwater)
(tree branches creaking)
(water trickling)
(empty plastic container banging)
(water trickling)
(relaxing ominous music)
(match hissing to light)
- What's coming out of that lake is real methane
that's going on apparently all day and all night, all year.
(water trickling)
So we've got a bad feedback cycle going on
which needs to be slowed, stopped,
and ideally, reversed
(water trickling)
(relaxing ominous music)
(birds chirping)
(horses clip-clopping)
- The Sergey Zimov theory is that if you put a dense array
of grazing animals back on this land,
they will turn Tundra and Boreal Forest back into grassland.
And the grassland's gonna stop the release
of greenhouse gasses coming from this thawing permafrost.
(birds chirping)
(moose hooves clip clopping)
Such a great looking animal.
(leaves rustling)
- These animals busily,
almost frantically they're eating.
Chow, chow, chow, munch munch.
These guys are working.
(relaxing ominous music)
In the winter,
in order to get to the grass,
the animals, they're trampling and digging down
through the snow and the cold gets into the ground
and keeps the ground frozen.
(freezing water crystallizing)
- [George] And then the mammoths,
you can do things that cannot be done
by the other herbivores
like knock down trees. (mammoth trumpeting)
- [Stewart] Wow.
(indistinct)
Talk about data.
At Pleistocene Park they've been able to prove
that if you have fairly dense population
of grazing animals on the land,
that leads directly to the ground underneath getting colder
as much as two degrees Celsius.
That amount of coldness can make an enormous difference
in terms of heading off the thawing of the permafrost.
So if you get wooly mammoths back on the landscape,
they will push down the temperature even more.
(freezing water crystallizing)
This whole Pleistocene Park Project is a form
of geoengineering, an attempt to directly affect climate.
And what I love about it is it's the only form
of geoengineering I know
that's not mechanical, it's biological.
We're nudging the ecosystem in the right direction
but nature's doing most of the work.
And then the animals take over and the grass takes over
(moose hooves clip-clopping)
and this landscape comes back to life.
(relaxing chiming music)
- Stewart suggests that with tools
and technology there's a bright future ahead of us,
that we can fix all the disasters that we've created
on our planet.
But I think these experiments are horseshit.
At a certain age you need to know
that everything has a shadow and you need to account for it,
otherwise you run into disastrous unintended consequences.
- Welcome everybody, we are here tonight
to discuss technology.
We can't live without technology,
no one suggests that,
but how do we live with it?
You, Stewart Brand,
say that we should assume that the technology is neutral
and that the people promoting it are neutral.
Why would one assume that those people are neutral?
- There is very little malevolence behind new technologies.
People are trying to figure out how to make a cool,
new tool work in a cool, new way.
- [Mark] Winona LaDuke?
- Technology's not gonna save us.
It is a tool, perhaps,
in part of what we need to do but we need to be responsible.
From my perspective all these questions require
this broader thinking and not an amnesia,
which I think is what you are promoting.
For instance, Edward Teller,
father of the hydrogen bomb is the guy who came up
with the fabulously bad idea of geoengineering.
I don't agree that every new technology is equal
and that everybody comes with clear moral history
and clear conscience.
I don't agree with that
because I don't actually have amnesia.
(audience applauding)
- Hi, Stewart.
- Is that Peter?
- Hi, Winona. - Hi.
- Let me challenge your hypothesis that we're Gods
and let me suggest a more accurate metaphor
which would be idiot savants.
(audience applauding)
We're highly developed.
We have these great skills,
these technological cleverness
which is completely untethered to wisdom.
What I find disturbing and sort of a little sociopathic
about your perspective
is the absence of doubt.
(audience applauding)
- Stu loves technology of almost any variety.
And if you have a big megaphone like Stewart Brand does,
I would hope he would put it on the side of preservation.
- This is a American chestnut tree.
There's some tests to be done--
- Instead, for reasons that defeat me,
Stu is a fan of genetic modification.
This is human cleverness.
We know better than nature.
Really?
Stu, I'm sorry,
this is not environmentalism.
- The idea that humans are moving genes
from one organism into the genome
of another organism is somehow against nature,
is just dead wrong.
(Stewart chuckling)
(birds chirping)
It's assisted evolution,
and so we're doing exactly what nature does.
This is what killed five billion American chestnut trees.
These trees are functionally extinct
because they can't reproduce
and make a forest like they used to.
But genetically they're not extinct at all,
they've got all the variety they ever had
and they're about to get one more bit of variety
which is one or two genes that will help them head
off the diseases that we brought here,
not on purpose.
But the cure is on purpose.
We use gene guns to move this gene from wheat
into the American chestnut and that resists the fungus.
(relaxing ominous music)
When genetically modified organisms were first created,
most environmentalists were just automatically against it,
and that actually makes me pretty mad,
because that's taking ideology more seriously
than the ecosystems you're trying to protect.
(people chatting)
But this resistance to technology
and intervention is nothing new.
The environmental movement that formed in the '60s
that I was part of helping shape, was young,
enthusiastic, not terribly scientifically informed.
- I enjoy the trees and the elements,
just things that are very basic to the Earth.
- [Stewart] And it locked in a number of stances.
- Everything we do affects it.
Everything we get comes from it.
Everything we leave goes back into it.
- [Stewart] An environmentalist is automatically
against intervention in nature
because nature is always right
and humanity is always wrong.
- Don't fowl your nest.
- It's a romantic story but it's just wrong.
(people whistling)
- A lot of the '60 scene had been very anti-technological.
You have to make a choice between being an environmentalist
and being a technologist.
They were seen by many people as at odds with each other.
Technology was ruining the environment it seemed like.
Stewart and a few other people said, no actually,
it's the way we can save it.
- It's a whole lot of good stuff and it's been for us.
But we're amplifying it as big as we can.
- That started Stewart off on a line that differed
from many of the people he had been associated with
in that he had begun
to embrace technology as the way towards the future.
- It's our biggest problem and nothing's going to be solved.
No technologies are going
to manipulate people's minds and feelings.
(dramatic ominous music)
- I was starting to feel isolated
in the environmental movement
and felt like I was cut off from the rest of the world.
I was working like mad on the "Whole Earth Catalog"
and I was reduced in non-catalog function more
and more and more.
There was a room in the back of the 4,000 square feet
where we did the "Whole Earth Catalog" where I had a bed
and I was doing a lot of my work from that bed.
(clock ticking)
(relaxing piano music)
But I didn't even know to call it depression.
(pencil grinding on paper)
I was bad company for my wife.
(marker grinding on paper)
The depression I had at that period was also related
to drug involvement triggered by the amount
of nitrous oxide I was breathing.
(dramatic ominous music)
Nitrous oxide was a party drug in the counter culture.
You would have a flash
which might be exciting or revelatory.
And for a few years I had a tank
about three feet high delivered once a week
to the "Whole Earth Catalog" so I could breath it up.
I got wrapped up in my own mind
which then turned all convoluted watching itself
to the point where I could barely drive,
because I was watching my mind watch my mind
watch my mind instead of watching the damn road.
(tires screeching)
(somber piano music)
Depression is self-reinforcing and becomes its own system.
So long after I stopped breathing nitrous oxide,
I was still badly depressed.
Basically, I wanted off this runaway train,
so came up with the idea,
how about I just stop the success right in its tracks?
- [Lois] He made the decision that we
would do the last "Whole Earth Catalog"
and we sold a million copies.
- [Stewart] And then as a way to celebrate that
we put on a public,
what we call Demise Party.
(audience applauding)
- [Lois] We had some money and he made a decision
that we would do this social experiment.
- I said, I have here in my hand $20,000 in cash.
Go on and tell us what you think should happen to the money?
They money will go to a person with the responsibility
for seeing it through a project by probably dawn.
And these are hippies that have been living
on $200 a year.
So to be standing there on stage with a pretty thick wad
of $100 bills and trying to say, well,
my commune really needs a pump.
(Stewart chuckling)
The notions piled up but it turned out most
of them were bad.
- I think this money should be used
to get all the Jews out of Miami
and get the Puerto Ricans back where they belong.
- So it was a disappointment in that regard
'cause my hypothesis had been that under duress people
would be extra creative.
We've gotta get together and deal with our problem.
(man shouting) (cracker exploding)
What actually turned out to be the case
was under duress people are extra non-creative.
- [Man] Well, 'cause you're a fucking (indistinct).
- [Stewart] It was basically chaotic.
- You've got nine million suggestions.
They're all good, pick one.
This could go on for the next fucking year.
- I suggest one $100 dollar bill to put in the fireplace.
- [Stewart] You wanna put $100--
One guy, his name's Fred,
set fire to his $100 bill and said it's not about the money,
it's about the people.
And by the end of all this he was the guy
that took away $20,000.
(relaxing ominous music)
(marker grinding on paper)
It felt like a total failure.
I was in a bad way
and I'm shutting down one thing after another to see
what thing I can get rid of that will give me a chance
to get myself back?
(marker grinding on paper)
So I shut down the "Whole Earth Catalog"
and I wasn't better.
(pen grinding on paper)
And I shut down my marriage.
By then, being just with her was getting troubled enough
for me and probably to some extent for her.
But I initiated the,
let's not be married anymore.
- He woke up one morning and he said he wanted a divorce.
So that was the end of that, okay.
I still feel cold.
(somber ominous music)
(water trickling)
(upbeat guitar music)
♪ Thinking of a world and ♪ the light of the sun ♪
♪ And all the many lives ♪ that were ever begun ♪
♪ Ever begun ♪
♪ Our little world turning in the blue ♪
♪ As each day goes ♪ there's another one new ♪
♪ Another one new ♪
♪ How many people will we feed today ♪
♪ How many lips will we kiss today ♪
♪ If we wake up ♪
♪ How many worlds will we ever see ♪
♪ And how many people can we ever be ♪
♪ If we wake up ♪
- The 1970s I spent living alone.
I was in a lot of stupid pain.
It took a while to get out of being really shut down
in terms of feeling good about life.
(clock ticking)
(relaxing instrumental music)
(camera shutter clicking)
I had seen people get in the mood of, well,
I'm having a problem with my drug,
so obviously the answer is I should take more drugs.
That universally did not work out.
(Stewart chuckling)
So one aspect of how I treated being depressed
at the time was to not try to fix it with drugs.
I was starting to do meditation and seeing a psychiatrist
who was actually pretty good.
And eventually I was able to become more
and more happy again.
(relaxing xylophone music)
And at that point,
having shut down the "Whole Earth Catalog",
I was free to pursue a subject I was curious about.
10 years earlier when I was visiting Stanford,
I hear male yells from
what was called the Computation Center.
And it turns out they were playing the earliest
of all the video games called "Space War".
(playful gaming music)
They were gathered around a mini computer called PDP-1.
What got me about it was the insane enthusiasm
and out of body wildness that was going on
in the players of this game.
They identified with what I thought of as hippies
but they weren't doing drugs very much,
because they had found a better drug
and the better drug was computer power.
I wrote it up for "Rolling Stone"
and I began the article with the line,
ready or not,
computers are coming to the people.
(relaxing xylophone music)
People get up to strange things
and people that are good at getting up to strange things,
get up to more than the one.
(Stewart chuckling)
(relaxing upbeat rock music)
At the end of the Demise Party,
the guy who'd set fire
to the $100 bill came away with $20,000.
- He was this unusual draft resister activist
community organizer, a guy by the name of Fred Moore.
He was deeply opposed to the very concept of money,
so the fact that Fred got the money was really quite ironic.
Fred took the money,
put it in his backyard in a coffee can and buried it.
It was a little bit like Frodo and the ring
- That same Fred Moore who did a few interesting things
for that money,
a couple of years later was one of the founders
of the Homebrew Computer Club,
one of the most important groups
in the history of technology.
It's where Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak met
(fast computer beeping)
and started Apple Computer.
(computer beeping)
- [George] Stewart, he was in the thick of that
and began to actively organizing that community.
- Stewart and I are both attracted to technologists
that are on the frontier.
And because of Stewart I had the opportunity
to see the very beginning
of how the internet was gonna play out.
(static beeping)
- Ryan Phelan and I took on the organization
of this event called the Hackers Conference.
That was the beginning of my involvement
with the personal computer revolution.
I'm Stewart Brand.
I'm not a hacker.
I'm here for the contact high.
- [Reporter] One long-time supporter
of Hackers is Stewart Brand.
- They are more effective in pushing the culture around now
in good ways than almost any group I can think of.
- [Reporter] But the real purpose of the get-together was
to discuss the unique set of values
that made the computer revolution possible.
- Political platform is
that we need an electronic declaration of independence.
- [Man] We were trying to liberate the tools
that had been kept in the hands
of powerful companies like IBM.
- Sometimes the companies internally,
because they own it,
will squash it and say you cannot have it,
even though we're not gonna put it out
and nobody else in the world's gonna get it.
That's a hiding of information that is wrong.
- [Stewart] And there was a hacker ethic to be transparent
and to share code.
(audience laughing)
- My project is to make all software free.
My soul is in that.
Tools I will give away to anybody.
- This software I wrote is a desk accessory,
so it works on top of any other application.
- This a program that allows you to switch very quickly
between programs on the map as I can show you here.
- Stewart was the first guy to get it.
The personal computer was one of the most powerful examples
of using machines as tools for independence
and that you could build your own world
out of this new technology.
He saw that hacker's culture shared a lot of values
with the "Whole Earth Catalog" ideal.
That information should be freely shared.
- Stewart was one of the first people who realized that
that actually was a social movement,
that wasn't just like a couple of new toys
that had appeared.
That's a very typical Stewart thing to understand
that there is something there,
to take it seriously,
to give it a name.
As soon as you call a situation something,
the people within it start to look around and say, oh yeah
it is something, yeah.
Okay, we're in something together.
(people chatting)
- I had been in solo bachelorhood for quite a while
and one of the things I was missing was conversation.
And I found that the conversations I was having
with Ryan Phelan,
they were some of the best I was having.
So here we are 35 years later still
having a good conversation.
(birds chirping)
(relaxing xylophone music)
(door creaking)
(door banging)
(water trickling)
Hello.
(door banging)
(water trickling)
(cups clanging)
Here you go.
(relaxing guitar music)
- It must've been about 1980.
I think we both realized a mutual appreciation
of each other that went beyond work.
We liked taking hikes out in nature.
Sparks flew and there were some very soulful moments there
on hillsides where we got to know each other.
We had realized we had fallen in love.
We were both pretty fascinated
with the waterfront community.
We'd been wandering up and down the docks,
looking at houseboats.
Mirene was a rotted out 1912 tugboat
and we brought her back to life.
To be honest,
when Stewart and I started thinking
about getting a boat together,
I still didn't really necessarily think
about it as a marriage.
I was a product of the '60s
and marriage was not something
that I thought was an essential part of a relationship.
I was kind of in it for the short-term.
That was great and it was fun and I had no idea
how profound it would be to actually start
to create this life with Stewart.
He surprised me.
(relaxing guitar music)
(water trickling)
I could get used to this.
- You could get used to this, yeah.
Ryan and I are always scheming things up.
We're always advisors to each other's projects.
But when we work together closely it's just wonderful.
- You got a seal right here.
- Really?
- Shall we swap?
(seals grunting)
Look at them all.
(seals barking)
- Hi, guys. - Isn't that great?
(birds chirping)
(water trickling)
(elephant trumpeting)
- [Stewart] The two of us created Revive and Restore,
which is the entity that is making de-extinction possible.
(elephant trumpeting)
- It's not just about bringing back a wooly mammoth,
but this technology is what's needed for conservation.
Good afternoon, I'm Ryan Phelan
and we work at the convergence of biotech and conservation.
- [Stewart] One thing that biotech is bringing to the rescue
of endangered species is a chance to get off the defense
and go on the offense.
- We have to protect, absolutely.
We have to intervene
when these new technologies start to demonstrate--
- So Ross, you wanna prevent extinction,
meanwhile you have other people trying
to bring species back.
Where is your moral compass on this?
- Have we taken on a responsibility
that has no end point to it?
I would say, yes,
because what we're doing is playing God.
And in that event,
we have to look at it in the same way
that we would look at obligations to any living thing.
- About 10 years ago,
Stewart asked me to participate in a meeting
that was going to take up de-extinction.
I'm at paleomammalogist and the idea of being able
to actually interact with a living wooly mammoth,
this was astounding and I was totally fascinated,
I admit it.
(birds chirping)
But although the idea of bringing back species
that are no longer with us is immensely attractive,
I also understand it's
about the worst thing we could possibly do.
Stewart Brand is a visionary.
I, by contrast,
am a pragmatist.
What's the length of time that we're talking about
to make and to manufacturer a wooly mammoth?
Stewart thinks centuries.
So do I.
And that's a long period of time to keep interest up
in an experiment that has no certain outcome.
(relaxing xylophone music)
- We are a major force now in this dynamic planet
and we have to function as an entire global civilization,
patiently over time with awareness and continuity.
And we've never done that before.
There are issues going on
in the world like climate change and extinction
and it's gonna take centuries to sort them out.
One of the problems now is
that civilization is revving itself
into a pathologically short attention span.
When I met Stewart it was getting to be the early '90s
and people were still thinking
about the future as being in the year 2,000.
And I realized that the future had kind
of been shrinking by one year per year for my whole life.
That's when I started designing this clock
that would last for 10,000 years.
(dramatic ominous drum music)
- [Stewart] I heard from Danny Hillis about his idea
to build Estonian scale mechanical clock
that would tick once a Century,
more in every thousand years and after much longer than
that the cuckoo comes out.
(dramatic ominous drum music)
- [Danny] Stewart realized the 10,000-year clock
would change how people thought
about time long before I did,
even when I was building it.
(dramatic ominous drum music)
(marker grinding on paper)
- [Stewart] There are ways to help each other behave
more responsibly and we want people to think
about the next 10,000 years the way they think
about next week.
The photographs of the earth from space 50 years ago
gave humanity a whole new way to think about itself
and about the planet that we live on,
but it didn't really teach us anything about time.
We need icons that give people a sense
of long-term thinking.
(rolling door grinding)
(lights pinging on in tandem)
- To make something last for 10,000 years you have
to choose materials that can last, like titanium.
You make things very,
very large so that the wear doesn't matter much.
But actually by far the hardest problem is making something
that people will care about for 10,000 years.
- When we started building the clock,
we had talked about the idea of the clock having a chime.
Because it will be beautiful if this was almost subsonic
or even subsonic.
And I thought,
well, if you had 10 bells you would
have three million possible permutations of those 10 bells.
Just the sound of the clock.
(mechanisms clicking)
That meant you could have a different chime each day
for 10,000 years.
(clock bell chiming)
- [Stewart] We're trying to figure out what kind
of a site should it be for a clock?
And we decided it should be kind of a pilgrimage site.
So after much exploration,
we're now putting a very large clock inside a 500-foot shaft
inside a mountain.
- It's in analog. - The big clock
probably just going.
(Stewart imitating chiming)
(dramatic explosion)
(cable tension pinging)
If the clock is an artwork then it's already an expression
of thinking long term.
(clock bell chiming)
- The clock is a provocation in a sense.
You're hoping to consciously put into the world something
that would give people that flash,
that moment of saying, wow,
I see, is it possible that we could be around
for 10,000 years?
What if there's a war?
Or what if a astroid hits the earth
and there's a nuclear winter?
Even saying, what if,
is starting to do what the clock is intended to do.
(clock bell chiming)
- I think we're in the shift point in the long story,
finding out how nature actually works,
finding out how we actually work.
And de-extinction is a good way of keeping people reminded
that they're gonna bear down on some issues for a long time.
And when you do that astounding things can be accomplished,
including bringing back wooly mammoths.
In fact, bring back the whole damn mammoth steppe,
change that biome back to what it used to be,
which would be better for the climate,
and that's a long-term story.
(bell chiming)
- The Greek word, hubris,
has to do with the idea that a hero has a central failing
that he's not aware of,
but the failing eventually comes out
and usually results in disaster.
(relaxing chiming music)
I think that's a very word for the de-extinction agenda.
It is hubris.
(audience applauding)
(audience cheering)
- Remember Jurassic park,
amazing movie where science brings dinosaurs
back from extinction.
The science is now getting real.
Right now scientists and thinkers are working on a way
to revive other extinct species like the wooly mammoth.
To paraphrase Jeff Goldblum, should they?
Here to be making his opening statement,
ladies and gentlemen, Stewart Brand.
- I've been a conservationist since I was 10,
just 70 years ago,
and what's driving us now is getting some species back.
You will be having the chestnut trees coming back,
raining down sweet nuts for wildlife and for humans.
You will have passenger pigeons back,
taking up their old habitat which is perfectly intact
and waiting for them.
So a vote for de-extinction is a vote for more life.
(audience applauding) (audience cheering)
- All right, thank you very much ladies
and gentleman, Stewart Brand.
(audience applauding)
Stewart, but I would like to let your opponents respond
to that last point.
- Why do we think we can do this with elephants?
Elephants are sentient creatures.
They have self-awareness.
Human babies, until they're six months or a year or so,
are not self-aware.
Your dog isn't self-aware.
So why are we considering them the kind of property
that we can mess with and then set them loose?
Is that really their job?
- Okay, that's a perfectly phrased question.
I want to bring it to George Church.
- Excellent point and I sympathize.
However, they are currently not
having such a happy life going extinct.
(audience laughing)
I agree that we should be humane.
We should do something that's for their benefit,
not just the benefit of the planet.
I think the ends and the means should be humane.
- The real de-extinction agenda,
which is bringing back completely extinct species,
it's not for repairing ecosystems
that in a sense don't need repairing anymore
because we're already 10,000 years down the pike
from what they were.
The planet is getting warmer.
Whether or not we get elephants
up into Northern Siberia is not going
to change the equation sufficiently
to turn the whole process back.
The real problem,
as usual, is us.
- Stewart, to response?
(audience applauding)
- Wooly mammoths and the mammoth steppe
are not gonna fix climate change,
but they could be over the long-term part
of the stabilization of climate.
- I have to say, Stewart,
that I'm very pleased that I am not the most naive person
on the panel tonight.
(audience laughing) (audience applauding)
- All right, we try not to make it personal.
(people chuckling)
- It's a joke.
- I'm trying to think of not naive,
it's not that cutting but it was there.
So let's try to keep it above board.
Dr. Lynn Rothschild?
- In the end we've been dancing around this idea
of what is natural.
Is it natural to have a wooly mammoth
on the Siberian steppes?
Or is it more natural to have a sky filled with teradactyls
or maybe a sea filled with trilobites.
Jurassic park was a bad idea.
Pleistocene Park is no better.
So no matter how cool this seems,
we should not de-extinct creatures.
- And now it's time to learn which side that you feel
has been more convincing?
Lynn and Ross,
they pulled up 17 percentage points.
That's the number to beat.
Stewart and George,
they lost four percentage points.
That means that the winner
of this debate is the side arguing,
don't bring extinct creatures back to life.
(audience applauding)
(relaxing chiming music)
- I think what will change people's minds is the change
in the facts,
change in the data.
And we're all still waiting
for actual de-extinction to occur.
(dramatic ominous music)
I wish I could see the wooly mammoth back in the wild
and that probably won't happen in my lifetime,
but I have lived to see American chestnuts come back.
(door clicking)
(relaxing upbeat chiming music)
- [Man] These are all destined to go out
in the field this year.
- Back in the day I said that,
we are as gods and might as well get good at it,
but it's really becoming,
we are as nature,
and using nature to do things that nature does already.
In my mind this is a forest we're flying over at altitude.
- [Lady] I like that idea.
(relaxing upbeat music)
- American chestnut is the first de-extinction
and then trees will be planted by the thousands.
And that was not possible two decades ago.
Now it's not only possible,
it's the way it's gonna be.
Okay, is that about right?
It's good?
These little American chestnuts can live a Century
or more in getting arms.
And eventually in this century the American chestnut
should be completely back in the Eastern forest
and I can't wait.
(relaxing chiming music)
For me as a conservationist to engage seriously
with an ecosystem that you may care about,
gives you a place to live that isn't inside your own skin
and takes down some of the dread of death
and engages a larger life.
(chain rustling on rock)
(relaxing chiming music)
(boots banging on wood)
(door rumbling)
(door bang echoing in shaft)
(metal scraping)
(overhead crane clicking)
(tools clanging)
(clock bell chiming)
(birds chirping)
People wind up writing memoirs
because they want their children to know
what their life was really like.
People are really interested in their parents' story,
maybe their grandparents' story.
(relaxing chiming music)
Generations is a good way to think,
but let's go way longer than that.
(clock bell chiming)
Once you are holding these longer timeframes in mind,
that starts to raise the question
of what do you do on Monday?
Does your behavior start to reflect this larger frame?
(clock bell chiming)
(clock ticking)
("This" by Brian Eno)
♪ This chord ♪
♪ This water ♪
♪ This son ♪
♪ This daughter ♪
♪ This day ♪
♪ This time ♪
♪ This land, it's all mine ♪
♪ This Calling Bell ♪
♪ This Forge Bell ♪
♪ This Dark Bell ♪
♪ This, The Knife Bell ♪
♪ This calling ♪
♪ This burden ♪
♪ This falling ♪
♪ The world's turning ♪
♪ This, what I thought I knew ♪
♪ This, what I thought was true ♪
♪ This, I understood ♪
♪ This, in the deep wood ♪
♪ This, ah there I stood ♪
♪ A child so fair ♪
♪ This, on a certain square ♪
♪ This, down the dirty stairs ♪
♪ This, to see the table set ♪
♪ This, with golden chairs ♪
♪ This, ah to follow, follow ♪
♪ Follow, follow there ♪
♪ This race ♪
♪ And this world ♪
♪ This feeling ♪
♪ And this girl ♪
♪ This revolver ♪
♪ This fire ♪
♪ This, I'll hold it up ♪
♪ Higher, higher, high ♪